Economics

The Bachelor of Arts in Economics at the University of Colorado Boulder provides students with a comprehensive understanding of core economic theories, principles, and analytical methods. This program prepares students to analyze complex economic problems, interpret economic data, and understand the functioning of markets, government policies, and global economic systems. The curriculum combines foundational courses in microeconomics, macroeconomics, and econometrics with specialized electives such as behavioral economics, development economics, environmental economics, and international economics, allowing students to tailor their education to specific interests and career goals. Students gain essential skills in quantitative analysis, critical thinking, and effective communication, equipping them to excel in a wide range of careers in finance, government, consulting, research, or pursue graduate studies in economics or related fields. The program emphasizes real-world application through case studies, research projects, and internships, fostering experiential learning that bridges theoretical knowledge with practical skills. Faculty members are distinguished economists dedicated to teaching excellence and active research, ensuring students are engaged with contemporary economic issues and innovative ideas. The University of Colorado Boulder also provides a vibrant campus community, numerous resources for academic support, and opportunities for student engagement in economics clubs, conferences, and seminars. Graduates of the program are well-prepared to contribute to solving economic challenges and making informed decisions in an increasingly interconnected and data-driven world.

1. Prior to beginning the program, students must demonstrate an acceptable degree of competence in differential and integral calculus and optimization techniques. (This requirement is in addition to the six hours of calculus required to apply to the program.) Such competence is normally demonstrated by taking ECON 7800 (an intensive, three-week preparatory course offered immediately prior to each fall semester) and passing its final examination with a grade of B- or better. No credit is offered for this course.

Other methods by which the required competence may be demonstrated are:

• Obtain a letter from the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS) confirming that the student has had sufficient mathematical preparation in prior studies;
• Pass the final examination in ECON 7800 at a level of B- without taking the course; or
• Pass a course which is substantially equivalent to ECON 7800 at another accredited graduate institution.

Students who fail the examination in ECON 7800 will be given a second opportunity to pass an equivalent examination two weeks later. Students who fail this examination on the second attempt must enter into extensive consultation with the DGS.

2. There are seven core courses in the PhD program: ECON 7010, 7020, 7030, 7040, 7050, 7818 and 7828. Course requirements beyond the core courses include:

• Seven elective courses at the 8000 level. Basic fields of specialization are econometrics, economic development, economic history, industrial organization, international trade and finance, labor and human resources, natural resources and environmental economics and public economics. Ordinarily, a student would take two elective courses in a basic field of specialization in preparation for a dissertation.
• 6 credit hours in a research colloquium.
• At least 30 hours of dissertation credit.

3. At least four of the core courses must be taken on the Boulder campus. Courses transferred for credit must be approved by the DGS. After entry into the PhD program, all remaining courses must be taken on the Boulder campus.

4. All courses for PhD credit taken on the Boulder campus must be passed with a grade of B- or better. A student who receives a grade of C+ or lower in a core course must retake that course the following academic year.

5. No more than 12 credit hours (exclusive of dissertation credit) from a single faculty member may be counted toward PhD requirements. Independent study is allowed only to satisfy elective requirements. No more than 6 credit hours of independent study may be applied to the PhD degree and no more than 3 credit hours of independent study may be taken from a single faculty member. In consultation with the DGS, students may choose to take up to two graduate offerings in other departments as elective courses.

6. Course requirements in the first and second years include:

First Year

Fall Semester

• ECON 7010 Microeconomic Theory 1
• ECON 7020 Macroeconomic Theory 1
• ECON 7818 Mathematical Statistics for Economists

Spring Semester

• ECON 7030 Microeconomic Theory 2
• ECON 7040 Macroeconomic Theory 2
• ECON 7828 Econometrics 

Second Year

Fall Semester

• ECON 7050 Advanced Economic Theory
• Elective course
• Elective course

Spring Semester

• Elective course
• Elective course
• Elective course

7. Course requirements in the third year include: 

• ECON 8209 (fall) and ECON 8219 (spring), which constitute the third-year research colloquium
• Remaining elective course(s)
• Dissertation research, if practicable.

8. Course requirements in the fourth and fifth years consist of relevant dissertation credit hours.

Preliminary Examinations. Written preliminary examinations in microeconomic theory, macroeconomic theory and econometrics must be taken in the examination period following the successful completion of core courses in these areas. Under most circumstances this period would be in August prior to the second year. An examination attempted and failed must be taken again and passed in the next examination period. A second failure results in dismissal from the program, subject to appeal to the GCRC under extraordinary circumstances. In no case are attempts beyond the third granted. 

Students who have failed any of the core courses are ineligible to take the preliminary examination in the area of failure. These students must retake the failed course(s) in the following year and attempt the relevant preliminary examination in the first scheduled examination period after they pass. 

Students who fail to pass all three preliminary examinations within two-and-one-half years of beginning the PhD program must exit the program. 

MA Degree. An MA degree will be awarded to students who have successfully completed all core courses in the PhD program, completed 30 hours of graduate credit with a 3.00 GPA and performed satisfactorily within two attempts on at least two out of three preliminary examinations.

Third-Year Research Colloquium. Third-year students are expected to register for 3 credit hours per semester in the research colloquium, which will meet weekly under the direction of a faculty member. The purpose of the colloquium is to provide students the opportunity and guidance to complete the required third-year paper and to facilitate progress toward the dissertation stage. 

Under some circumstances, students may delay taking this colloquium until the fourth year with the approval of the DGS.

Comprehensive Examinations. Students must take an oral comprehensive examination before admission to PhD candidacy. This examination may occur either at the time of the student’s research presentation in ECON 8219 or at a later date and will encompass the materials in the presentation and all relevant course work completed by the candidate. Students who fail this comprehensive examination will be given a second chance during the following semester. For those students for whom the presentation in ECON 8219 does not serve as the oral comprehensive examination, a separate oral examination must be scheduled before admission to candidacy.

Admission to Candidacy and Dissertation Requirements. Students are formally admitted to candidacy for the PhD degree after completing all course requirements and all preliminary and comprehensive examinations and after earning four semesters of residency (see the front section of this catalog for details). After admission to candidacy, students must register each fall and spring semester for dissertation credit (ECON 8999) until attaining the degree; the accumulated credit for the thesis must total at least 30 semester credit hours to attain the degree. A student must prepare a written dissertation and successfully pass an oral examination before a dissertation committee and other interested persons on its content before receiving the degree. The minimum residence requirement for the PhD degree is six semesters of scholarly work beyond the bachelor’s degree.

Administration: Examining Committees for Examinations. Examining committees for preliminary examinations consist of three members of the economics department who teach in the relevant area. Examining committees for comprehensive examinations consist of at least three members of the economics department.

Preliminary Examinations. 

1. Written examinations are numbered so that insofar as possible the identity of the student is unknown. Each faculty member grades independently and writes no comments in the examination booklet. A meeting of the graders is called by the chair of the examination committee and the committee grade is submitted to the graduate program coordinator. The possible grades include High Pass or Distinction (used sparingly), Pass and Fail.
2. In cases where there is a question of pass or fail on any exam, if two of the members of the examination committee vote affirmatively, a grade of pass will be recorded; if two of the members of the grading committee vote negatively, a grade of fail will be recorded. If the vote of the grading committee is tied and the third member is absent (but will be available within seven days), the decision to pass or to fail is to be made by the reconvened grading committee. If fewer than two members of the grading committee are present and voting, or if the vote of the grading committee is tied and the third member is not available within seven days, the decision to pass or fail will be made by the Graduate Curriculum and Review Committee (GCRC); in such circumstances the grade is reported as pass or fail, based on a majority vote.
3. When examination results are reported, a student who failed should have an opportunity to discuss his performance with a member of the examining committee.

Dissertation Guidelines.

1. In January of the academic year following the research colloquium, each student must submit a written dissertation proposal and conduct an oral defense of that proposal before his or her basic committee. A dissertation proposal form must be signed by each member of the basic committee and submitted to the graduate program coordinator. The basic committee consists of the student's faculty supervisor and three other faculty members from the department. An acceptable proposal must include a statement of purpose and a justification for the importance of the work; a full literature review and a statement of how this research will contribute to the literature; and a detailed description of the methodologies to be used and of the data bases, if appropriate. 
2. Normally students are expected to complete their dissertations by the end of their fifth academic year. The graduate program coordinator provides details on submission of the dissertation and arrangements for the oral defense. The final defense is conducted before a basic committee of four faculty members from the department plus one outside member. After the defense, minor changes are agreed upon between candidate and supervisor before the final dissertation is submitted.

Requirements

• Hold a baccalaureate degree from a college or university of recognized standing, or have done work equivalent to that required for such a degree and equivalent to the degree given at this university. The undergraduate grade point average must be at least 2.75 (2.00=C).
• Have completed intermediate microeconomic and macroeconomic theory courses, 6 semester hours of calculus at the university level or equivalent, and statistics.
• Submit Graduate Record Examination (GRE) scores for aptitude (verbal and quantitative). International applicants whose native language is not English must also submit a TOEFL score with a speaking component, even if they have attended college in an English speaking country.
• Arrange for the submission of three letters of recommendation.

Graduate study in economics is quantitative and analytical. Students should be comfortable with basic calculus (derivatives and integration), linear algebra, matrix algebra and basic statistics.

The university deadline for international applications is December 1 for the following fall semester. The department encourages international applicants to comply with this deadline. Late applications may be considered. However, they may be at a disadvantage with respect to the award of financial aid. United States applicants who wish to be considered for financial assistance should apply by January 15. Students must begin the program in a fall semester.

Scholarships

Financial support is available to PhD students in the form of teaching and research assistantships, instructorships and fellowships. 

The Economics program at the University of Colorado Boulder offers students a comprehensive education in the principles and applications of economics, preparing graduates for diverse careers in business, government, non-profit organizations, and further academic pursuits. The program emphasizes both microeconomics and macroeconomics, providing students with a solid foundation in economic theory, quantitative methods, and critical thinking skills. Students have the opportunity to explore various fields within economics, such as environmental economics, international economics, public policy, and behavioral economics, allowing for specialization based on individual interests and career goals. The curriculum includes coursework in economic modeling, data analysis, and economic research methods, equipping students with practical skills necessary for analyzing real-world issues and making informed decisions.

In addition to coursework, the program encourages involvement in research projects, internships, and study-abroad experiences to enhance practical understanding and global perspective. The university supports students through dedicated faculty advisors and offers numerous resources such as seminars, workshops, and professional development events. The Economics major also provides pathways into graduate studies in economics, business, and public policy, with many alumni pursuing advanced degrees at prestigious institutions.

The university fosters a collaborative and innovative learning environment, combining classroom instruction with hands-on experiences. Small class sizes ensure personalized attention from faculty members who are actively engaged in research and policy work. The program stresses the importance of ethical considerations and social responsibility, preparing students to address complex economic challenges with integrity and insight. Overall, the Economics program at the University of Colorado Boulder seeks to develop analytical, quantitative, and communication skills that are highly valued in the labor market and contribute to informed citizenship and leadership in a diverse and interconnected world.